Kurukshetra University Syllabus 2021 Download For Ph.D Entrance Exam

Kurukshetra University Syllabus 2021 Download For Ph.D Entrance Exam: The Kurukshetra University has uploaded the Syllabus and Exam Pattern for the Entrance Examination for Ph.D., Course Admission at the official website – www.kuk.ac.in. Candidates can get an idea of preparation by reading this article. We have discussed the details regarding Kurukshetra University Syllabus 2021 and Exam Pattern. Apart from this, We have also inserted the direct download link for the syllabus and exam pattern below.

Kurukshetra University Syllabus 2021 – Overview

Kurukshetra University Ph.D. Entrance Exam Pattern

Part I & Part II – 100 + 100 Marks = Total 200 Marks

Kurukshetra University Ph.D. Entrance Exam Syllabus:

Part I – Research & Methodology

Part II – Relevant Subject

Kurukshetra University Ph. D Entrance Test Geophysics Syllabus:

Mathematical Methods in Geophysics:

UNIT-I: Special Functions Power series method to solve partial differential equations Legendre Function: Legendre differential equation and its solution, recurrence relation, Legendre functions, Rodrigue’s formula, Associated Legendre functions and its recurrence relations and orthogonality property Bessel Functions: Bessel differential equation and its first and second solutions, Bessel functions, Recurrence relations, Orthogonality, Modified Bessel function, Spherical Bessel functions Applications of Legendre and Bessel functions in Geophysics

UNIT-II: Complex Variables Complex variable, limit, continuity and differentiability of a function of complex variables, analytic functions, Cauchy Reimann’s equations, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Morera’s theorem, Cauchy integral formula, Expansion by Taylors and Laurents series, singularities, Residue theorem, contour integration Applications in Geophysics

Unit-III: Integral Transforms Fourier series, evaluation of coefficients of Fourier series, sine and cosine series, complex form of Fourier series, Dirichlet condition, integration and differentiation of Fourier series, Parseval theorem for Fourier series, Fourier sine and cosine integral Concept of integral transform, Laplace Transform (L.T): definition, properties, L.T. of a periodic function, multiplication and division with L.T., L.T. of the error function, L.T. of Bessel function, Inverse Laplace Transform. Fourier transform (F.T.): Definition, properties, Parseval theorem for F.T., Modulation, Conjugate and Convolution Theorem, Derivative of F.T., Inverse Fourier transform, application of Fourier transform in solving differential equations. Applications in Geophysics

Unit-IV: Partial Differential Equations (P.D.E.) Solution by separation of variables of

• Wave equation: Transverse vibrations of a stretched string; Oscillations of a hanging chain, vibrations of rectangular and circular membranes, tidal waves in a canal.
• Laplace’s equation: Laplace equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, two-dimensional steady flow of heat, General cylindrical and spherical harmonics.
• Diffusion equation: Variable linear heat flow, periodic heat flow in one dimension, two-dimensional heat conduction.

Solid Earth Geophysics:

UNIT-I: A brief history of the development of Earth Sciences and of Geophysics in particular, an overview of Geophysical methods and their essential features, Problems of inversion and non-uniqueness in Geophysics, Origin & evolution of Solar system, Earth and Moon structure, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, A review of the Earth’s structure and
composition

UNIT-II: Chemical composition of Earth, Rheological behavior of crust and upper mantle, viscoelasticity and rock failure criteria, Geochronology: Radiometric dating and their advantages, the meaning of radiometric ages, Major features of the Earth’s gravitational field and relationship with tectonic processes in the crust and upper mantle, the concept of
isostasy, the mathematical concept of Airy and Pratt hypotheses of isostasy.

UNIT-III: Origin of the geomagnetic field, polar wandering, secular variations, and westward drift, reversals of the geomagnetic field, sunspot, solar flares, geomagnetic storms, sea-floor spreading, Paleomagnetism and its uses, Thermal history of the Earth, sources of heat generation and temperature distribution inside the earth, convection in the mantle.

UNIT-IV: Earthquake seismology, Earthquakes, and its classifications, Global seismicity and tectonics, Earth’s internal structure derived from seismology, Earthquake mechanism and Anderson’s theory of faulting, Continental drift and plate tectonics: its historical perspective and essential features, present-day plate motions, Triple junctions, oceanic ridges, Benioff zones, trenches and island arcs, hot spots, Mantle Plume, Mountain building, the origin of Himalaya, Geodynamics of the Indian subcontinent.

NUMERICAL METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING:

UNIT-I: Introduction- Computer organization, Functional Units, basic I/O devices and storage media, computer software, computer languages, Problem Solving Approaches: Notion of an algorithm, stepwise methodology of developing an algorithm, flowchart and computer program, introduction to computer operating systems: DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX/LINUX, brief introduction about MATLAB.

UNIT-II: Introduction to FORTRAN, constants, variables, data types, operations, and intrinsic function, expression and assignments statements, Logical operators and Logical expressions, iterative statements, input/output statements, subroutine and functions, data sharing among subprograms/programs, Arrays, operations with files, programming examples to handle problems of numerical and statistical type.

UNIT-III: Programming language C: constants, variables, data types, expressions, operators, conditional statements, iterative statements, array, function, simple programming examples. C ++ An object-oriented language: Concepts of class, object, constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance, pointers, virtual functions, simple programming examples

UNIT-IV: Numerical integration by Simpson’s method, Trapezoidal method, Numerical differentiation, solution of an algebraic equation, Netwon Raphson method, solution of simultaneous linear equations, Gauss method, Gauss-Jordon method, Gauss-Seidel method, matrix inversion, least-square curve fitting, straight line, and polynomial fits, solution of ordinary differential equations. A brief introduction of Binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions, the concept of mathematical expectations

BASIC GEOLOGY:

UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to geology, scope, sub-disciplines, and relationships with other branches of science, Geomorphological Processes: Exogenic processes (weathering, erosive and tectonic denudation), Geologic time and age of the Earth, Geological processes by river, wind, glacier and waves and tides. Orogeny, volcanism, earthquakes, and landslides

UNIT – II: MINERALOGY

Mineral – its definition and mode of occurrence, physical properties of minerals like form, color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness and specific gravity, radioactivity, isotopes and ions, Physical characters and chemical composition of the rock-forming minerals, mode of occurrence and economic uses of some important rock-forming minerals.

UNIT – III: PETROLOGY
Rock- its definition, classification, and distinguishing characteristics of Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks: Magma and lava, extrusive and intrusive forms, textures; Classification and description of some common igneous rocks (Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Rhyolite, Pegmatite). Sedimentary rocks: Sedimentation processes; Classification and description of some common sedimentary rocks (Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shale,
Limestone). Metamorphic rocks: Processes of metamorphism, textures, and structures of metamorphic rocks; Classification and description of some common metamorphic rocks (Slate, Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble). Indian distribution of major rock types.

UNIT – IV: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Primary and secondary structures of rock, Dip, strike, bearing and azimuth, Outcrops, outliers and inliers, Folds: definition and classification scheme, mechanism of folding, recognization of folds in the field. Fault: definition and different terminology of fault, mechanism of faulting, recognization of fault in the field, shear zone, lineament. Joints: definition, types of joint. Unconformity: concepts, types, recognization, and significance of unconformities. Clinometer compass and its use.

Remote Sensing and GIS:

Unit I:
Definition, Principle and Physical basis of Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum, Interaction of EM radiations with earth’s surface and atmosphere, Atmospheric Windows, spectral signatures, remote sensing platforms, Concept of Photogrammetry, aerial photographs, types of aerial photographs, Information recorded on aerial photographs, stereoscopy, stereoscopic parallax, measurement of height difference, vertical exaggeration, elements of photo-interpretation, geotechnical elements, photo characteristics of different rock types, photo-mosaic, image distortion and rectification.

Unit II:
Remote Sensing Sensors: active and passive sensors, Satellite Imagery: Imagery vis a vis aerial photograph, MSS, LISS, CCD, Infrared and thermal scanners, IRS, SPOT and LANDSAT satellite programs, microwave remote sensing: RADAR, LIDAR, etc, remote sensing data products, resolutions in remote sensing, multispectral, super-spectral and hyperspectral remote sensing, fundamentals of image interpretations and analysis, visual interpretation of remote sensing data; color composites, the concept of digital image and pixels, image restoration, image enhancement, and information extraction, supervised and unsupervised classification; accuracy assessment in remote sensing

Unit III:
Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS), components of GIS, functions of GIS, data structures, Concept of raster and vector data, digitization, editing, attribute attachment, etc, creation of thematic layers, Data Integration, vector to raster conversion and vice–versa. Introduction to Global Position System (GPS), various segments of GPS, Uses of GPS, GNSS.

Unit IV:
Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS: image interpretation for identification of different rock types, structures, lineaments and preparation of geological map; recognition of landforms and preparation of  geomorphological map; drainage pattern and its significance; groundwater prospects mapping, integrated groundwater resources (IGWR) mapping, landslide hazard zonation, route alignment for road/ canal, Hydrocarbon and minerals exploration, Disaster management (flood and cyclones)

STRATIGRAPHY, HIMALAYAN, ECONOMIC AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY:

Unit-1 Stratigraphy: Principles of stratigraphy, elements of stratigraphic classification, physical and structural sub-disciplines of the Indian subcontinent and their characteristics, An outline of the geology of India with respect to distribution, classification, lithology, and economic importance of the following: Archean, Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, Gondwana.

Unit-2: Himalayan Tectonics and Exhumation: Tectonic divisions of the Himalaya and its evolution based on plate tectonics, Topographic growth: uplift, Isostasy, and flexure, Tectonic-climate interactions, Principle and application of thermochronology to the orogenic belt, Mountain belt exhumation with special reference to the Himalaya.

Unit-3. Economic Geology: Definition of ore, Ore and gangue mineral, Classification of ore deposits, Elementary ideas of the following processes of formation of ore deposits: Magmatic concentration, Pegmatitic, Sedimentation, Evaporation, Residual concentration, Mechanical concentration and Metamorphism, Chemical composition, Diagnostic characters, Occurrences, Uses and Distribution in India of important metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits.

Unit-4 Petroleum Geology: Petroleum; Origin of petroleum; Sedimentary environments and facies; The sources; Migration; The reservoir rocks; Traps and Seals; Classification of Indian basins and petroleum geology of Assam, Krishna-Godavari, Cambay, and Bombay offshore basins. Unconventional Source of energy: Shale gas; Coal Bed Methane; Gas hydrates.

Geophysical Signal Processing:

UNIT I: Signal and System
Signals: Various special signal and classification of signals, orthogonal function, bandlimited signals, sampling theorem, aliasing effect of sampling on the reconstruction of the continuous signal from their samples, extrapolation of bandlimited signals
Systems: Classification of Systems, Linear time-invariant causal and stable system with continuous and discrete input, minimum phase signals, Hilbert transform

UNIT II: Discrete Transform
Z transform, properties of Z transform, and the region of convergence, Z transform of causal and noncausal sequence, inverse Z transform, Transfer function, Solutions of difference equation using Z-transform, Relation between S-plane and Z-plane Review of Fourier Transform, Introduction to wavelet transform and Walsh transform and their
application in geophysics

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the relation between DFT and Z transform, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Decimation in time(DIT) and Decimation in frequency (DIF) algorithms, applications of FFT in geophysics, deconvolution, circular convolution, Importance of Windowing, Commonly used windows, cepstral analysis

UNIT III: Time series analysis
Introduction of stochastic process, autocorrelation and cross-correlation, Stationarity, Wide sense stationarity, ergodicity, power spectral density function, Wiener Khinchine theorem, White Gaussian Noise, Wiener Filtering, Matched Filtering

UNIT IV: Filters and System Realization
Recursive and non-recursive filters, ideal and realizable low pass, bandpass and high pass filters, Gibbs phenomenon, IIR filters: design if IIR filter by Bilinear transformation method, Design of Butterworth filters, Characteristics of Chebyshev and elliptic filters, Design of FIR filters using windows. direct and canonical realization scheme, Cascade, and parallel realization scheme.

Geophysical Fields and Waves:

UNIT – I: Potential Field Theory: Introduction to Geophysical fields; Inverse-square law of field: Gravity, Magnetostatic and electrostatic, Green’s theorem and Green’s functions, Potential due to arbitrary source distribution, a continuation of potential fields, Dirichlet and Neumann problems.

UNIT-II: Thermal Conduction in Earth Heat conduction equation; effect of advection; time scale of conductive heat flow; calculation of simple geotherms in continents; Geological applications of heat conduction in semi-infinite half-space: (i) penetration of external heat into the earth due to periodic variation of surface temperature, (ii) instantaneous heating or cooling of semi-infinite half-space and its application to cooling of oceanic lithosphere and (iii) thermal and subsidence history of sedimentary basins, Age of Earth on the basis of
cooling.

UNIT-III: Wave Theory
Introductory remarks about seismic and electromagnetic waves, Elastic Waves: Analysis of stress and strain, properties of equilibrium and motion in terms of stresses/displacements for infinitesimal and finite deformation, Generalised Hook’s Law, Isotropy, Aelotropy, and Anelasticity. Electromagnetic Waves: Maxwell’s equations, constitutive relations, Plane electromagnetic waves in dielectric and conductor. Kirchoff’s integral theorem and Kirchoff’s solution of diffraction at a slit.

UNIT-IV: Oceanography
Tidal Waves, driven tidal waves, seiches, geostrophic effect on tidal waves, internal tidal waves, surface waves, permanent waves, waves due to local disturbances, equilibrium theory of tides, dynamic theory of tides.

Seismology:

UNIT – I: SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION

Review of basic concepts and relations in elasticity theory, Hook’s Law, reflection and transmission of elastic waves at a plane boundary, plane waves, laws of simple reflection and refraction, head waves, total internal reflection, spherical waves, surface, and interface waves, Rayleigh waves, Stoneley waves, love waves, dispersion curves, Free oscillations of the earth, toroidal and spheroidal oscillations, normal modes of a homogeneous sphere.

UNIT – II: EARTH STRUCTURE AND LOCATION
Travel time table: the ray parameter and seismic rays, time-distance curves for local and teleseismic events, Inversion of travel times for earth’s structure, the method of Herglotz and Wichert, Preliminary location of earthquakes, refining the locations, review of various types of field observations, salient features of seismograms with a description of different seismic phases.

UNIT-III: EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PROCESS
Uniqueness and reciprocal theorems, Green’s tensor for a uniform medium, mathematical models of the earthquake source, radiation pattern for P & S waves from a shear fault, the fault plane solutions.

UNIT – IV: EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS AND SEISMIC ZONING
Earthquake parameters: Intensity and magnitude scales, seismic moment, the relation between parameters, scaling laws, seismic zoning, seismicity, induced seismicity, earthquake prediction, discrimination between earthquakes and explosions. Earthquake Early Warning System.

Gravity & Magnetic Prospecting:

Unit – I: Basic Principles
Principles of Gravity and Magnetic methods, the concept of Geoid, Spheroid, a review of the magnetic field of the Earth, the relation between gravity and magnetic potential, variation of gravity with elevation and depth, determination of density, isostasy, and gravity, Magnetization of rocks-Dia, Para- and Ferromagnetism, Magnetic susceptibility of rocks and their ranges, Artificial versus natural source Methods.

Unit-II: Instrumentation
Gravity Prospecting Instruments: Absolute versus Relative measurements of Gravity, Pendulum apparatus, stable and unstable gravimeters, calibration of gravimeters, LaCoste-Romberg gravimeter, Worden gravimeter. Magnetic Prospecting Instruments: Fluxgate magnetometers, Proton precession magnetometers, optical pumping instruments, Schmidt’s horizontal and vertical magnetometer.

UNIT-III: Gravity and Magnetic Surveys:
Gravity survey on land: setting up of a base station, tide and drift corrections, the reduction of gravity data: the latitude adjustment, the elevation adjustment, the excess mass adjustment, terrain correction, Gravity anomalies, Plan of conducting ground magnetic surveys, corrections applied to magnetic data, Airborne magnetic surveys and magnetic gradient surveys.

UNIT-IV: Interpretation
Separation of residual and regional anomalies: Graphical method, direct computation, second derivative method, polynomial fitting method, depth rules, the gravitational and magnetic attraction of structures with various simple shapes, estimation of anomalous mass, ambiguity in gravity interpretation, model analysis, step model, ribbon model, Applications of gravity and magnetic methods in oil and mineral exploration.

Groundwater Geophysics:

Unit I:
Concept of geohydrology and hydrogeophysics, hydrology in relation to other sciences, hydrosphere, hydrologic cycle, surface and subsurface distribution of water, the origin of groundwater, springs,  hydrometeorology, precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, seepage, infiltration and runoff, and methods of measurement

Unit II:
Hydrological properties of water-bearing materials: porosity, void ratio, permeability, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield, specific retention, diffusivity, field and laboratory method for determining permeability, movement of groundwater and aquifer performance tests, Darcy’s Law and its range of validity, theory of groundwater flow under steady and unsteady conditions, determination of transmissivity and storativity by discharge methods.

Unit III:
Mode of occurrence of groundwater, classification of rocks with respect to their water-bearing characteristics, aquifers, Aquiclude, aquitards, classification of aquifers, remote sensing studies for water resources evaluation. groundwater exploration and management, water balance studies, hydrograph analysis, conjunctive and consumptive use of groundwater, water well drilling, development of wells, the concept of artificial recharge, Watershed characterization, and management,

Unit IV
Monitoring the health of groundwater reservoir, Use of IP for groundwater contamination, Groundwater exploration: surface geological and geophysical methods of exploration and subsurface geophysical methods; Hydro-geochemistry: Physical and Chemical characteristics of groundwater, classification of groundwater in respect to domestic, irrigation, and industrial use, pollution of groundwater.

Electrical Prospecting:

Unit I: Introduction to electrical methods
A rapid review of the method and techniques of electrical prospecting and their classifications. Electrical properties of rocks, electrical properties of rock and their measurement, anisotropy and its effect on electrical fields. The geoelectric section and geological section. Basic concept on the natural electric field.

Unit II: Induced Polarization and Self Potential method
Electrode configuration, the choice of method and choice of site measurement, presentation of measured data. S.P. Method: Origin of self-potential, theoretical and experimental basis of S.P. method, the field of polarized conductor, sphere and cylinder, determination of ore body parameter, a downward continuation of S.P. data I.P method: Sources of I.P, Membrane and electrode potential, time domain and frequency domain measurement of IP, chargeability, percent frequency effect and metal factor, dipole theory of I.P., the transformation of the time domain to frequency domain data

Unit III: Resistivity Methods
D.C. resistivity method, fundamental laws, the potential distribution at the surface of horizontally stratified earth, Stefanescu’s expression: Kernel function and its relation to subsurface parameters, Flathe and Pekeris recurrence relation: the principle of equivalence, the principle of superposition and principle of suppression. Apparent resistivity function, computation of apparent resistivity model curves, vertical electrical sounding Resistivity Transform, Method of determination of resistivity transform, Asymptotic method, Complete curve matching, auxiliary point method, equivalent curve matching using maxima and minima, Dar Zurruck curve, Direct interpretation method, application of linear filter theory for resistivity interpretation.

Unit IV: Interpretation of Electrical resistivity Data
Apparent resistivity function, computation of apparent resistivity model curves, vertical electrical sounding and horizontal profiling techniques, Interpretation of resistivity sounding data, Asymptotic method, Complete curve matching, auxillary point method, equivalent curve matching using maxima and minima, Dar Zurruck curve, Direct interpretation method, electrical profiling near a vertical contact, dyke, sphere, application of linear filter theory for resistivity interpretation

PETROPHYSICS AND WELL LOGGING:

UNIT-I: Basics of Petrophysics and Formation Evaluation
Well, logging – objectives and its place in geo exploration Formation evaluation: Hydrocarbon volume calculation; Porosity: controls on porosity, porosity determination from the core; Permeability: controls on permeability and ranges, determination of permeability, permeability porosity relationship; Coring: Preservation and Handling; Electrical properties of rocks: Formation resistivity factor (FR); correlations of FR with porosity, cementation,
water saturation, and permeability. Wire-line logging: representation of log, tools characteristics; borehole environment, invasion, and drilling mud

UNIT-II: Spontaneous Potential (SP) and Natural Gamma Ray Logs
Introduction about SP logging, Principle, measurement tool, log presentation, factors affecting the amplitude of SP, calculation of shale volume and other uses Fundamentals of radioactivity, scattering, and attenuation, Gamma-ray logging: principle, tool calibration, log representation, depth of investigation, bed resolution, calculation of shale volume, lithology identification and other uses

UNIT-III: Porosity Logs
Acoustic Log: Principles; acoustic logging tools; log representation, depth of investigation and vertical resolution, logging problems, uses of acoustic logging, Formation Density Log: principle; measurement tools and operation; calibration of the tool, log characteristics- depth of investigation and bed resolution; uses of formation density logging; Neutron Log: Theory: neutron emission, scattering and absorption, Hydrogen Index, neutron logging tools, Log
representation, Calibration, depth of investigation, and vertical resolution; Uses of Neutron logging

UNIT-IV: Electrical Resistivity Logs and other logs
Concept of resistivity, the resistivity of rocks, variation of formation fluid resistivity with temperature, Archie’s first and second law, Hingle and Pickett plots, Saturation of Moveable Hydrocarbons. Resistivity logging: response of tool, resistivity tools: old and modern, spherically focused log, micro-resistivity logs, proximity log, induction log, depth of investigation and bed resolution, log representation, uses of resistivity log Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logging: background, need of NMR logging, log representation and interpretation; Caliper logging, temperature logging, diameter logging, LWD

Physical Oceanography and Marine Geophysics

Unit I Physical Oceanography
Physical properties of seawater and methods of determination, distribution of salinity in the oceans, factors affecting salinity, water masses and water type, TS Diagram, Circulation of currents in major ocean waves. Tides: Dynamical and equilibrium theory of tides. Marine pollution, steps to control marine pollution, Laws of seas, Coastal zone management

Unit II Dynamical Oceanography
Equation of motion in a rotating and translating coordinate system, Coriolis force term, and other terms, Nonlinear term in the equation of motion, Brunt Vaisala frequency, Geopotential surface and isobaric surface, wind-driven ocean circulation, Ekman Solution, Sverdrup’s Solution, Vorticity.

Unit III Marine exploration
The resource potential for offshore areas, Geophysical continental margins, type of continental margins, geophysical evidence for the evolution of Atlantic type continental margins, Characteristic geophysical signatures for the transitional crust, isostatic 2D gravity anomalies, seafloor magnetic anomalies, and their interpretation.

Unit IV
Geophysical studies for active continental margins, Seismicity, volcanism, heat flow studies, seismic surveys along island arc-trench areas, the seismic expression for subduction and crustal deformation, paired gravity anomalies over island arc trench areas, and their interpretation. Geophysical exploration for continental Margins of India and Andaman shelves, a brief review on the hydrocarbon exploration for the Indian continental margin.

SEISMIC PROSPECTING

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTAL OF PROSPECTING
Motivation for Seismic Prospecting, Oil Exploration, Mining and Engineering Application, Principles and Physical Basis of Seismic prospecting: Types of Elastic Waves, Reflection, Refraction and Transmission Coefficients, Expression for wave velocities, Factors affecting wave velocities in Rocks.

UNIT-II: DATA ACQUISITION
Seismic Sources: Explosive and Non-Explosive Sources, Seismic Refraction Method: Travel Time Equation for Simple one layer case and for variable velocity case. Expressions for dipping layer and faulted bed cases. Gardener delay time method. Hidden layer problems. Field techniques for refraction survey, fan shooting. Seismic Reflection Method: The travel time equations for horizontally layered medium, Expression for dipping interfaces, Field techniques for reflection survey: Split Spread, End on Spread, Broadside configurations. 2D/3D configurations, Common depth point technique, Presentation formats for Seismograms, Selection of field survey parameters.

UNIT-III: SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING
Data processing sequence, Static and Dynamic Correction, weathering and datum corrections, CDP stacking, Migration, and depth section preparation. Velocity depth determination: Velocity-depth relation for measurements in boreholes, velocity depth
relation from surface observations, the T 2 -X2 method, the T-∆T method, the hyperbola method. Noise Elimination method: The structure of noise and its classification using frequency and spatial filters(arrays), Multiples identification, Suppression of multiples, VSP.

UNIT-IV: SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION
Mapping of Hydrocarbon bearing and water-bearing structures, geological interpretation, Structural and Stratigraphic traps, direct detection of hydrocarbons, pattern recognition, Seismic attribute analysis.

Geophysical Inversion:

Unit-I:
Forward problems versus Inverse problems, continuous inverse problem, discrete inverse problem, formulation of inverse problems and their reduction to a matrix problem, linear inverse problems, classification of inverse problems, L1 norm inversion, least-squares solution and minimum norm solution, the concept of norms, concept of ‘a prior information, constrained linear least-squares inversion, review of matrix theory.

Unit-II:
Introduction to finite difference method, forward, backward and central difference method, Application of finite difference method for solving Helmholtz equation. Introduction to finite element method, various steps, simple examples showing the application of finite element method.

Unit-III
Model and Data spaces, householder transformation, data resolution matrix, model resolution matrix, checkerboard resolution test, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, singular value decomposition (SVD), generalized inverses, Non-linear inverse problems, Gauss-Newton method,, steepest descent (gradient) method, Marquardt-Levenberg method, Earthquake location problem, tomography problem.

Unit-IV
A probabilistic approach of inverse problems, maximum likelihood, and stochastic inverse methods, Backus-Gilbert method, Global optimization techniques: genetic algorithm, simulated annealing methods, neighborhood algorithm, examples of inverting geophysical data.

Near Surface Geophysics

Unit-I: Introduction
Man and Environment, Near Surface Geophysics: Introduction, Practitioners and Users, Traditional and Emerging views of Near Surface- Geophysics, Concepts and Fundamentals, Special Challenges associated with near Surface Geophysics. Rock Physics Principles for Near-Surface Geophysics: Description of the Geological Material, Conditions in the Near Surface of the Earth, Density, Electrical Properties, Elastic Wave Velocities.

Unit-II: Geophysical Techniques in Near-Surface studies
Review of Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic and Electrical methods, Applications of these methods to Environmental and Engineering studies: Delineation of structural trends, contacts, and faults, microgravity detection of subsurface voids and cavities, detection of Archaeological objects, Mapping of fracture zones, reflection profiling in groundwater studies, dam site investigations, evaluation of aquifer potential, Investigation of waste dump sites.

Unit-III: Ground-Penetrating Radar
Introduction, Electromagnetic Theory, Physical properties, EM wave properties, GPR Instrumentation, Modeling of GPR Responses, Survey Design, Data processing, Interpretation, Case Studies, and Pitfalls.

Unit-IV: GIS Applications in Near-surface Geophysics
Concept of Digital Image in Remote Sensing, Image preprocessing, rectification, enhancements and analysis, Digital Image processing procedures, Band rationing and NDVI, GIS applications in integrated groundwater resources mapping, site suitability studies and utility management, GIS applications for engineering, environmental problems, landfill sites, and solid waste management,

Electromagnetic and Magnetotelluric Methods

Unit-I
EM Principle: Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic potential, and wave equations, attenuation of EM field, depth of penetration, dip and tilt angles, electromagnetic field due to a straight wire, rectangular and circular loops, elliptical polarization, amplitude, and phase relations, real and imaginary (quadrature) components. Transient electromagnetic methods (TEM), transient emf and magnetic field behavior due to various conductors; current density in half-space by a rectangular loop with time, toroidal and poloidal induction in
a conductive zone, various time-domain systems frequency sounding and geometric sounding, the advantage of time-domain methods over frequency-domain methods.
Electromagnetic properties of rocks and minerals

Unit-II
EM Prospecting and Interpretation: various EM methods: Dip angle methods-fixed vertical loop transmitter, two frame method, Tuam method, Moving source-receiver methods- horizontal loop (Slingram) method, AFMAG and VLF methods, Airborne EM systems- rotary field method, EM profiling, and sounding. Marine Electromagnetic Methods, EM modeling.

Unit-III
MT Principle: Origin and sources of MT signal, interaction with the earth -uniform earth, horizontal layers, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, impedance tensor and tipper, topographic and regional effects, static shift. Data processing and analysis: auto and cross spectra, the solution to the impedance and tipper equations, local and remote references, errors, and noise. Robust and hybrid processing.

Unit-IV
MT Interpretation and uses: interpretation of MT data over two-layered earth, strike, rotation swift strike, polar diagram, tipper, skew, ellipticity, TE and TM modes, 1D and 2D interpretation, imaging continental lower crust, MT study over cratons. Mapping structures for petroleum exploration, geothermal mapping, exploration for sulfides, gold, uranium. Detecting water and subsurface structures

Computational Seismology

Unit I Strong motion seismology
Concept of strong motion: Characteristics of earthquake strong ground motion, time domain and frequency domain parameters of strong ground motion, strong motion array and recorder, dynamics of vibration, the vibration of a single degree of freedom system, earthquake response spectra, Strong motion networks in India Modelling of strong ground motion: Stochastic modeling technique, the concept of dynamic corner frequency, Empirical Greens function technique, Semi-empirical technique and Composite source modeling technique, hybrid technique.

Unit II Attenuation Studies
Wave attenuation: geometrical spreading, scattering, and intrinsic attenuation, Quality factor Q and its estimation using frequency-domain methods, the origin of coda waves, coda-Q and its estimation, estimation of frequency-independent and frequency-dependent Q using strong ground motion, simultaneous estimation of source parameters and Q, the concept of 3-D Q and its estimation.

Unit III Engineering seismology
Concept of earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk, probabilistic versus the deterministic approach of estimating earthquake hazard, seismic quiescence/gaps, Regression analysis for estimating peak ground motion, microzonation, site amplification, concept of earthquake-resistant design, Indian earthquake hazard scenario.

Unit IV: Selected Topics
Seismic tomography – Methods, regional and local tomography, 3-D velocity analysis, Receiver functions, Seismicity based studies- b-value, fractal and multifractal analysis, Dq-q analysis, self-similarity, Ray tracing, Anisotropy, Time predictable model, GPS based studies in seismology.

Seismic Data Analysis and Reservoir Geophysics

Unit-I: Introduction
Objectives of Seismic Signal Processing, Seismic Resolution, Basic data processing sequence: CMP sorting, Velocity analysis, residual statics corrections, Normal-Moveout Correction, Moveout stretch, Noise, and Multiple Attenuation, f-k filtering, τ-p filtering, Dip-Moveout correction, CMP stacking, post-stack processing.

Unit-II: Seismic Deconvolution and Seismic Migration
The convolutional Model, Inverse Filtering, Optimum Wiener filters, Predictive deconvolution in practice, The problem of nonstationary: Time-Variant deconvolution, gated Wiener deconvolution, Homomorphic deconvolution, Minimum and Maximum Entropy Deconvolution, Inverse Q Filtering, Fresnel Zone, Seismic Migration: Mathematical foundation of migration, Migration using wave equation, Kirchhoff’s theory, Pre and Post stack time and depth migration

Unit-III: Seismic Modeling
The role of Seismic Modeling, Concept and example of Physical Models, Seismic Modeling
Approaches, Forward Seismic Modeling, Inverse Seismic Modeling, Application of GLI technique, Modeling pitfalls, Ray Tracing using Snell’s Law, and Ray-bending.

Unit-IV: Reservoir Geophysics
Reservoir Management, Geophysical Method for Reservoir Surveillance, Analysis of AVO, Acoustic Impedance Estimation, 4-D Seismic Method, Interpretation with SH-wave, 4-C Seismic Method.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING IN GEOPHYSICS:

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTAL OF MACHINE LEARNING
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Machine Learning concepts, algorithms, and its applications. Techniques of Machine Learning: Supervised, Unsupervised, Overview of Linear Algebra, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Eigen-decomposition, Calculus, Probability, and Statistics. Regression: Linear Regression.

UNIT-II: NEURAL NETWORKS
Neural Networks. Multi-layer Perceptions, Activation function. Restricted Boltzman Machines, Support Vector Machine, Deep Belief Networks, Deep Recurrent Neural Network, Convolution DBN, Max Pooling CDBN. Data Preprocessing: Comprehend the meaning, process, and importance of data preparation, feature engineering and scaling, datasets, dimensionality reduction.

UNIT-III: MACHINE LEARNING WITH PYTHON
Introduction to Python. Control flow tools, Data Structures, Modules, Input and Output, Errors and Exceptions, Classes, Standard Library, Virtual environment, and packages. Machine Learning with Python.

UNIT-IV: APPLICATION IN GEOPHYSICS
Machine Learning Applications: First Break Picking, Seismic Deconvolution, NMO correction in T-p domain. Reservoir characterization: Pattern recognition. Principle Component Analysis. Earthquake Prediction.

Kurukshetra University Ph. D Entrance Test Chemistry Syllabus

Part I – 50 objective type questions on Research and Methodology

Part II – 50 objective type questions on the subject

Part I Chemistry:

Elementary Knowledge of computers: History of the development of computers, Mainframe, mini, micro, and supercomputer systems. General awareness of computer Hardware i.e. CPU and other peripheral devices (Input, Output and auxiliary storage devices).Basic knowledge of computer system software and programming languages.

Analytical aspects of Chemistry Statistical analysis and validation: Errors in chemical analysis, Classification of errors: systematic and random, additive and proportional, absolute and relative. Accuracy and precision; Mean, median, average deviation, and standard deviation. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis; Certified reference materials (CRMs), Fitting of the curve to a data point, Least square curve fitting, Significance relationship between dependent and independent variables, F-test t-test and chi-square test, understanding analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Principles of Separation: Principle and applications of Paper chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Column chromatography, Ion exchange. Gas chromatography & High-performance liquid chromatography, Solvent extraction.

Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy: Principle, instrumentation, and applications of Spectrophotometry, Flame Photometry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Electroanalytical Techniques: Conductance studies: Concepts of electrical resistance, conductance, resistivity and conductivity, Specific, Molar, and equivalent conductance. Conductometric titration curves.

EMF studies: Circuit diagram of the simple potentiometer, Indicator electrodes: hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode, antimony electrode, and glass electrode, Reference electrodes: Calomel electrode and Ag/AgC1 electrode, Nernst equation, standard electrode potential Buffers, and Burrer capacity. the pH of buffer mixtures based on Henderson Hasselbalch equation.

Polarography: Principle, instrumentation with special reference to dropping mercury electrode, working, and applications of Polarography.

Spectral Studies: Theoretical treatment of rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectroscopy. Principle of spin magnetic resonance, resonance spectroscopy, Mossbauer and photoelectron spectroscopy; group theoretical treatment of Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy.

Applications of the Mass, UV-VIS, IR, and NMR, in the elucidation of simple organic compounds.

Characterization of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, UV-VIS, NMR, EPR, Mossbauer, electron spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques.

Application of PES and ESCA and Auger in the study of Surfaces.

Principle and applications TG, DTA, and DSC Techniques.

IUPAC nomenclature of organic and inorganic molecules

Part II Subjects Syllabus Topics

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

Bonding: Concept of hybridization, Molecular orbitals approach of homo and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, VSEPR Theory – Shapes of polyatomic molecules. Symmetry elements and point group of simple molecules.

Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy of carbon, phosphorous, and Sulphur, Classification, nomenclature, structure, bonding of main group compounds: boranes, metalloboranes, carboranes, metallocarborances, silicones, carbides, phosphazenes, and sulfur –Nitrogen Compounds.

Metal-Ligand Bonding: Crystal field theory and its limitations. John teller effect, Spectrochemical series, nephelauxetic effect. Ligand field theory, M.O. theory for octahedral, tetrahedral & square planar complexes without and with π-bonding. Abnormal magnetic properties, orbital contribution, and quenching of orbital angular momentum. Determining the energy terms. Spin-orbit (L.S) coupling scheme, Hund’s rule, Derivation of the term symbol for d1-9 electronic configurations, ground state terms. Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes. Selection rules, Charge transfer spectra, Substitution reactions, and mechanism of octahedral and square planar transition metal complexes, , Inert and Labile complexes, Electron transfer reactions.

Organometallic chemistry: Metal carbonyls preparation, structure, and bonding. Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls, important reactions of transition metal carbonyls, Carbonyl clusters.

Organometallic Reactions: Oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion reactions; catalytic reactions: Hydrogenation, polymerization, hydroformylation, and Wacker Process. Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron-transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY:

Bronsted and Lewis acids and bases, pH and pKa, an acid-base concept in a nonaqueous solvent, HSAB concept, and Buffer solutions.

Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly-solvable systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator, and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals;. Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Application to the Helium
atom.

Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, the relationship between Cp and Cv, enthalpies of physical and chemical changes, the temperature dependence of enthalpies. The second law of Thermodynamics, entropy Gibbs Helmholtz s equation. Third law of thermodynamics and calculation of entropy

Chemical Equilibrium: Free energy and entropy of mixing, partial molar quantities, Gibbs Duhem equation, Equilibrium constant, the temperature dependence of equilibrium constant, the phase diagram of one and two-component systems, Phase rule.

Chemical Kinetics: Concepts of Order and molecularity of reaction, pseudo-molecular reactions, Rate expressions for first and second-order reactions, the Temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates. Arrhenius equation, Energy of activation, Collision theory and its limitations, stearic factors, comparison of results with Eyring and Arrhenius equation. Surface Chemistry Recapitulation of surface tension, Adsorption: Freundlich adsorption isotherm, Langmuir theory, Gibbs adsorption isotherm, BET theory and estimation of surface area,

Macromolecules: Number –average and weight average molecular weights. Determination of molecular weights, the kinetics of polymerization, stereochemistry, and mechanism of polymerization.

Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cell reactions, Nernst equation, Electrode kinetics electrical double layer. Electrode /Electrolyte interface Batteries, primary and secondary Fuel cells, Corrosion and its prevention.

Statistical thermodynamics: Thermodynamic probability and entropy, Maxwell-Boltzman, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Partition function: rotational, vibrational, translational, and electronic partition functions for diatomic molecules.

Dislocation in solids, Schottky and Frenkel defects, Electrical properties of insulator, semiconductor, superconductors, band theory of solids, Solid-state reactions

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

Nature and Bonding in Organic Molecule: Hyper-conjugation, Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbon Huckel’s rule,

Stereochemistry: Recognition of symmetry elements and chirality, R and S ; and E and Z nomenclature. Diastereoisomerism in acyclic and cyclic systems, Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, molecules with more than one chiral center, meso compounds, three and
erythro isomers, interconversion of Fischer and Sawhorse projections.

Common Organic Reactions and Mechanisms: Generation, structure, stability, and chemical reactions involving carbocations, carbanions, free radical carbenes, and nitrenes. Types of mechanism, labeling, and Kinetic isotope effects. Hammet equation (sigma-rho) relationship, Types of reactions: Nucleophilic, Electrophilic radical substitution, addition and elimination reactions, thermodynamics and kinetics requirements, nonclassical carbonium ions neighboring group participation.

Some important name reactions; Aldol, Knoevengel, Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin, Stobbe and Dieckmann condensation. Friedel-Crafts reaction, Reimer-Tieman reaction, Gatterman-Koch reaction, Diazonium coupling. Hofmann, Schmidt, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann, Fries rearrangement Pinacol-Pinacolone, Favorski, Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation, Reformatsky and Diel-alder reactions, Witting reactions, Robbinson annulations. Hydroboration , Oppenaur oxidation, Clemmensen , Wolff Kishner , Meerwein-Pondorf –
Verley and Birch Reductions.

Reactions using Grignard Reagent.

Heterocyclic Chemistry: Synthesis and reactivity of furan, thiophene, Pyrrole pyridine,
isoquinoline, and indole Skarup synthesis and Fischer Indole synthesis.

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